How to Use the Calculator
Type an arithmetic expression in the Input field, then press Enter or Return on your computer keyboard or keypad,
or click the Calculate button on the calculator.
The calculator evaluates your expression and displays the answer in the Result field.
Context Help
To get help info for any calculator button, right-click the button. A window pops up with information about that button.
To close the help windows, click anywhere on the window. Also, the Context Help windows close automatically after a short time.
TIP:Entry Errors
If the Input field contains disallowed symbols or formatting, the calculator will automatically notify you.
In that case, simply re-type valid data in the Input field and press Enter or Return.
TIP:Copy and Paste
You can Copy and Paste any of the fields by selecting the text in the field,
then pressing Control-C to copy, and Control-V to paste.
Input Field – Functions
Entering Functions
Enter any supported function into the Input field by one of three methods:
Type the function using the computer keyboard and keypad.
Click one of the function buttons on the calculator panel.
Select a function from the Functions drop down menu.
Required Elements of Functions
Every function must have a left parenthesis, the required arguments, and a right parenthesis.
For example, these are valid functions:
sqrt( 8 )pow( 3, 5 )
But these functions are not valid:
sqrt( 8sqrt( )pow( 3 )pow 3, 5 )Maximum Input Length: 200 characters
Input Field – Basics
The Input field takes a general arithmetic expression, consisting of numbers, arithmetic operators, functions, and parentheses for grouping.
Arithmetic Operators+ Addition– Subtraction* Multiplication/ DivisionArithmetic Expressions
The following are examples of the arithmetic expressions that are allowed in the Input field:
Integer:+986 * 14567Decimal:986.314 - 100.0Scientific Notation:0.3528e03 - 30E-2Formula:(-2.7*50)/( 1 - (6.5/1.8e-2) )Fraction:2+3/8Function:sqrt(3.14/2) - pow(3,4)Maximum Input Length: 200 characters
Result Field
Numeric Result of the Expression
The arithmetic expression in the Input field is evaluated and the result is displayed as a single number in the Result field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
pow(3,2)
the result is the decimal number 9.
Button Entitled Decimal
In this mode the calculator will produce results in Decimal format whenever possible, like so:
-9999.10.0005987
However, the calculator will automatically produce results in Scientific Notation
when the results cannot be shown properly in Decimal format.
Button Entitled Scientific
In this mode the calculator will always produce results in Scientific Notation, like so:
-9.9991e35.987e-4Decimal Precision
Precision of the calculator is 15 significant digits, from left to right. Digits after the 15 left-most digits, are not significant.
Numeric Range of the calculator is:
+1.797e+308 ... -1.797e+308+1.000e-311 ... -1.000e-311Calculation Errors
Error messages are displayed when the result of a calculation is undefined mathematically,
or when the Input expression is invalid or contains disallowed characters.
The error messages are displayed at the top of the calculator.
Trigonometric & Hyperbolic Functions
Forward Trigonometricsin(x) cos(x) tan(x)
x is angle in radians
Inverse Trigonometricasin(x) acos(x) atan(x)
x is dimensionless
Forward Hyperbolicsinh(x) cosh(x) tanh(x)
x is hyperbolic angle
Inverse Hyperbolicasinh(x) acosh(x) atanh(x)
x is dimensionless
TIP:
Close every function with a right parenthesis. If a function is not closed, the calculator will generate a parsing error.
When you are finished entering an expression, click the Calculate button,
or press Enter or Return on the keyboard or keypad to evaluate the expression and obtain the result.
The Power Functions
Power – x Raised to Power of ypow(x,y)ePower – e Raised to Power of xexp(x)
e is Euler's number, approximately 2.718
Sqrt – Square Rootsqrt(x)
x is dimensionless
Log10 – Log base-10log10(x)
x is dimensionless
LogEB – Log base-e of xlog(x)
x is dimensionless, b is not given
LogEB – Log base-blog(x,b)
(x,b) are dimensionless
Base (b) is optional. If base (b) is not given, the default is base-e.
Modulofmod(x,y)
Divides x/y, and returns the remainder.
TIP:
Close every function with a right parenthesis. If a function is not closed, the calculator will generate a parsing error.
When you are finished entering an expression, click the Calculate button,
or press Enter or Return on the keyboard or keypad to evaluate the expression and obtain the result.
Angle Conversions, Random Numbers
Degrees to Radiansdeg2rad(x)
x is in degrees
Radians to Degreesrad2deg(y)
y is in radians
Random Numbermt_rand(min,max)
(min,max) are optional integers
Returns a random number between min and max.
If min and max are not given, mt_rand() returns
a random number between 0 and mt_getrandmax().
The function mt_getrandmax() is
available in the Functions drop down menu. It returns the maximum integer available from
the mt_rand() function.
TIP:
Close every function with a right parenthesis. If a function is not closed,
the calculator will generate a parsing error.
When you are finished entering an expression, click the Calculate button,
or press Enter or Return on the keyboard or keypad to evaluate the expression and obtain the result.
Using Functions
Function Nesting
The result of one function can be used as the argument for another function, as in the following expression:
sqrt( pow(3,2) )
In the above expression pow(3,2) returns 9 ,
which becomes the argument to the sqrt() function, giving a final result
of 3.
This technique is called function nesting, and can be done with any functions, and to any depth.
TIP:
Close every function with a right parenthesis. If a function is not closed,
the calculator will generate a parsing error.
When you are finished entering an expression, click the Calculate button,
or press Enter or Return on the keyboard or keypad to evaluate the expression and obtain the result.
Global Operator Buttons
Global Operator Buttons
Click any of the Global Operator Buttons, and the button's function is executed immediately,
using the contents of the Input field as the operand.
When using global operators in general, the Input field may contain any valid expression,
including other functions, and nested functions to any level.
TIP:
The Global Operator Buttons are provided for quick convenient use.
A much larger selection of global operators is available in the Global Operators drop down menu below.
Constants, Functions, Global Operators
Constants
Select any constant from the Constants drop down menu, and the constant is inserted into the Input field at the insertion point.
Functions
Select any function from the Functions drop down menu, and the function is added to the Input field.
Most functions require arguments. You must provide all of the required function arguments,
after the function is added to the Input field.
Global Operators
Select from the Global Operators drop down menu. The selected function is executed immediately,
using the contents of the Input field as the operand.
When using global operators in general, the Input field may contain any valid expression,
including other functions, and nested functions to any level.
However, the bindec(), hexdec(), and octdec() global operators require a number operand.
For example, the following are allowed:
bindec( 1011 )hexdec( CA87E )octdec( 7620 )
However, the following are not allowed:
bindec( sqrt(4) )hexdec( round(4.6) )octdec( sin(3.1) )
Memory
Saving to Memory
Save the Result field value to one of two Memories by clicking the Save buttons.
Recalling Memory
Load the Input field with either Memory value by clicking the Recall buttons.
Adding to Memory
Add the Result value to either Memory by clicking the Add buttons.
Clearing Memory
Clear either Memory by clicking the Clear buttons.
Memory Manager
The Memory Manager is available by clicking the "Memory" button.
The Memory Manager can be used on most pages of the website, and is designed to quickly and easily transfer data from one page to another.
Closing the Memory Manager
Click the "Memory" button on the calculator.
Click the "Calculator Memory" link on the right side.
C Clear All
Clears the Input field.
Clears the Result field.
Memory-1 and Memory-2 are NOT cleared.
CE Clear Entry
Clears the Input field one character at a time, from right to left.
The Result field is NOT cleared.
Memory-1 and Memory-2 are NOT cleared.
( Left Parenthesis
Left parenthesis opens a new grouping, which must be closed with a matching Right parenthesis, like so:
(8 + 3
Left parenthesis also opens a new function, like so:
sin(Operation
Inserts ( into the Input field at the insertion point.
) Right Parenthesis
Right parenthesis closes a grouping, which was previously opened with a matching Left parenthesis, like so:
(8 + 3)
Right parenthesis also closes a new function, like so:
sin( 3.14 )Operation
Inserts ) into the Input field at the insertion point.
Calculate Button
Evaluates the expression in the Input field.
The evaluation result is displayed in the Result field.
Pressing the Enter or Return key on the computer keyboard, or computer keypad, has the same effect
as clicking the Calculate button on the calculator.
If the evaluation generates errors, the error messages are displayed at the top of the calculator.
Delete Delete the last input character
Deletes the last character in the Input field.
Repeatedly clicking this button deletes the entire contents of the Input field.
To delete the entire Input field quickly, click the CE button on the calculator panel.
Sin Sine(x) Functionsin(x)
Calculates the trigonometric sine of x.
(x) must be a circular angle in radians.
Operation
Inserts sin( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
Cos Cosine(x) Functioncos(x)
Calculates the trigonometric cosine of x.
(x) must be a circular angle in radians.
Operation
Inserts cos( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
Tan Tangent(x) Functiontan(x)
Calculates the trigonometric tangent of x.
(x) must be a circular angle in radians.
Operation
Inserts tan( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
aSin Arcsine(x) Functionasin(x)
Calculates the inverse trigonometric sine of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts asin( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
aCos Arccosine(x) Functionacos(x)
Calculates the inverse trigonometric cosine of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts acos( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
aTan Arctangent(x) Functionatan(x)
Calculates the inverse trigonometric targent of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts atan( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
SinH Hyperbolic Sine(x) Functionsinh(x)
Calculates the hyperbolic sine of x.
(x) is a hyperbolic angle.
Operation
Inserts sinh( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
CosH Hyperbolic Cosine(x) Functioncosh(x)
Calculates the hyperbolic cosine of x.
(x) is a hyperbolic angle.
Operation
Inserts cosh( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
TanH Hyperbolic Tangent(x) Functiontanh(x)
Calculates the hyperbolic tangent of x.
(x) is a hyperbolic angle.
Operation
Inserts tanh( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
aSinH Hyperbolic Areasine(x) Functionasinh(x)
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts asinh( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
aCosH Hyperbolic Areacosine(x) Functionacosh(x)
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts acosh( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
aTanH Hyperbolic Areatangent(x) Functionatanh(x)
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts atanh( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
Power X to power of Y Functionpow(x,y)
Calculates x raised to power of y.
(x,y) are dimensionless numbers.
Operation
Inserts pow( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding two valid arguments.
ePower e to power of X Functionexp(x)
Calculates e raised to power of x.
e is Euler's number, approximately 2.718
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts exp( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
Sqrt Square Root Functionsqrt(x)
Calculates the square root (second root), of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts sqrt( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
To calculate other roots of x, use the pow() function,
(click the Power calculator button).
For example:
pow( 10, 1/3 ) 3rd root of 10pow( 10, 1/4 ) 4th root of 10pow( 10, 1/5 ) 5th root of 10etc ...
Log10 Log base-10 Functionlog10(x)
Calculates the logarithm base-10 of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts log10( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
LogEB Log base-e or Log base-b Functionlog(x,b)
Calculates the logarithm, base-e or base-b, of x, where e is Euler's number, and b is an arbitrary base.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
(b) the base, is an optional dimensionless number.
Operation
Inserts log( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding one or two valid arguments.
If "b" is not provided, the function returns:
logarithm base-e (x)
If "b" is provided, the function returns:
logarithm base-b (x)
Modulo Modulo Functionfmod(x,y)
Divides x by y and returns the remainder (modulo) of the division. For example:
fmod( 5, 2 ) = 1fmod( 4, 2 ) = 0
(x,y) are dimensionless numbers.
Operation
Inserts fmod( into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding two valid arguments.
DegRad Degrees to Radians Functiondeg2rad(x)
Converts degrees to radians. For example:
deg2rad( 180 ) = 3.1415926535898deg2rad( -45 ) = -0.7853981633974
(x) is a circular angle in degrees.
Operation
Inserts deg2rad( to the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
RadDeg Radians to Degrees Functionrad2deg(x)
Converts radians to degrees. For example:
rad2deg( 3.1415926535898 ) = 180rad2deg( -0.7853981633974 ) = -45
(x) is a circular angle in radians.
Operation
Inserts rad2deg( to the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after adding a valid argument.
Random Random Number Functionmt_rand(min,max)
Returns a random integer.
(min,max) are optional integers.
mt_rand() requires no arguments or two arguments.
If no arguments are provided, mt_rand() returns
a random integer between 0 and mt_getrandmax().
You can obtain the value of mt_getrandmax() by selecting
it from the Functions drop down menu.
If (min,max) are provided, mt_rand() returns a random
integer between min and max.
(min,max) can be negative, zero, or positive integers.
Operation
Inserts mt_rand() into the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ) button,
after optionally adding two valid arguments.
The mt_rand() function uses the Mersenne Twister
algorithm to quickly generate very high-quality pseudo random integers.
7 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 7 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
8 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 8 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
9 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 9 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
4 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 4 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
5 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 5 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
6 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 6 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
1 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 1 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
2 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 2 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
3 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 3 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
0 Number ButtonOperation
Inserts 0 into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
. Decimal Point ButtonOperation
Inserts . into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
, Comma ButtonOperation
Inserts , into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button to separate function arguments in the Input field. For example:
pow( 5, 3 )
+ Add ButtonOperation
Inserts + into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other arithmetic operator buttons, to insert numeric expressions in the
Input field. For example:
5 + 3
- Subtract ButtonOperation
Inserts – into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other arithmetic operator buttons, to insert numeric expressions in the
Input field. For example:
5 - 3
E Decimal Exponent ButtonOperation
Inserts the letter e into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button to insert Scientific Notation numbers in the Input field. For example:
3e2115.4e-30-2.3e+5+8.1e-105
X Multiplication ButtonOperation
Inserts * into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other arithmetic operator buttons, to insert numeric expressions in the Input field. For example:
5 * 3
/ Division ButtonOperation
Inserts / into the Input field at the insertion point.
Use this button, and the other arithmetic operator buttons, to insert numeric expressions in the Input field. For example:
5 / 3
+/- Global Sign Change Button
Calculates the negative of the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
5 / 3
the Global Sign Change button evaluates the expression:
-( 5 / 3 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
-1.6666666666667Operation
Surrounds the Input field with – ( and
)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
1/A Global Reciprocal Button
Calculates the reciprocal of the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
5 - 3
the Global Reciprocal button evaluates the expression:
1.0 / (5 - 3)
and displays the result in the Result field:
0.5Operation
Surrounds the Input field with 1.0/( and
)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Root2 Global Square Root Button
Calculates the square root (second root), of the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
19 - 10
the Global Root2 evaluates the expression:
sqrt( 19 - 10 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
3Operation
Surrounds the Input field with sqrt( and
)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Save Memory Store Button
Saves the value of the Result field in the selected memory.
The calculator has two independent memories. Each memory can save a different Result.
Recall Memory Recall Button
Recalls the value previously saved in the selected memory, and loads it into the Input field at the insertion point.
The calculator has two independent memories. Each memory can save a different Result.
Add Memory Add Button
Adds the value of the Result field to the contents of the selected memory.
For example, if:
Memory-1 = 10Result = 2
after clicking the Add button for Memory-1:
Memory-1 = 12
The calculator has two independent memories. Each memory can save a different Result.
Clear Memory Clear Button
Clears the selected memory to the "empty" state.
The calculator has two independent memories. Each memory can save a different Result.
Root3 Global Cube Root Button
Calculates the cube root (third root), of the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
19 - 11
the Global Root3 button evaluates the expression:
pow( 19 - 11, 1/3 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
2Operation
Surrounds the Input field with pow( and
,1/3)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Pow2 Global Power-of-2 Button
Calculates the power-of-2 of the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
12 - 10
the Global Pow2 button evaluates the expression:
pow( 12 - 10, 2 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
4Operation
Surrounds the Input field with pow( and
,2)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Pow3 Global Power-of-3 Button
Calculates the power-of-3 of the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
12 - 10
the Global Pow3 button evaluates the expression:
pow( 12 - 10, 3 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
8Operation
Surrounds the Input field with pow( and
,3)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Log2 Global Log base-2 Button
Calculates the logarithm base-2 of the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
19 - 11
the Global Log2 button evaluates the expression:
log( 19 - 11, 2 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
3Operation
Surrounds the Input field with log( and
,2)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
LogE Global Log base-e Button
Calculates the logarithm base-e of the expression in the Input field, where e is Euler's number, (~2.718).
For example, if the Input field contains:
100 - 5
the Global LogE button evaluates the expression:
log( 100 - 5, M_E )
and displays the result in the Result field:
4.5538768916005Operation
Surrounds the Input field with log( and
,M_E)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Log10 Global Log base-10 Button
Calculates the logarithm base-10 of the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
105 - 5
the Global Log10 button evaluates the expression:
log10( 105 - 5 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
2Operation
Surrounds the Input field with log10( and
)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Round Global Rounding Button
Rounds to the nearest integer the expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
3.1415 * 2
the Global Rounding button evaluates the expression:
round( 3.1415 * 2 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
6Operation
Surrounds the Input field with round( and
)
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided
in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Memory Memory Manager Button
Opens and closes the pop up Memory Manager.
The Memory Manager can be used on most pages of the website, and is designed to quickly and easily
transfer data from one page to another.
When the Memory Manager pop up is opened, it remains open when navigating from one page to another within the website.
Closing the Memory Manager